Kidney Problems in Children http://www.pediatriconcall.com/forpatients/commonchild/Kidney_problems/Kidney_problems.asp Kidney Problem is any disorder that affects the normal functioning of the kidney. en-us 2012-02-24T19:20:35.0000000-07:00 Kidney Problems - Pediatric Oncall http://www.pediatriconcall.com/rss_media/rss_rss_Kidney_Problems.jpg http://www.pediatriconcall.com/forpatients/commonchild/Kidney_problems/Kidney_problems.asp Children With Kidney Problems kidney's main function is to remove the waste material from the body in the urine. If due to any condition, the kidneys fail and cannot remove waste from the body, which is of permanent nature (also called as End Stage Kidney Disease - ESKD), a kidney transplant is warranted. http://www.pediatriconcall.com/forpatients/commonchild/Kidney_problems/Kidney_problems.asp 2012-02-24T00:00:00.0000000-07:00 URINARY TRACT INFECTION : Diagnosis and Prevention Urinary tract infection is bacterial infection of kidneys and urinary tract, which can recur again and again if not diagnosed early and treated effectively. http://www.pediatriconcall.com/forpatients/commonchild/Kidney_problems/urinary_tractinfection.asp 2001-08-23T00:00:00.0000000-07:00 URINARY TRACT INFECTION : Complications and Treatment Permanent renal scars due to recurrent UTI lead to high BP, chronic renal failure (requiring kidney transplant), growth failure, anemia in adolescents and young adults and toxemia of pregnancy in women who had urinary infections in childhood. http://www.pediatriconcall.com/forpatients/commonchild/Kidney_problems/urinary_tractinfection1.asp 2001-08-23T00:00:00.0000000-07:00 URINARY TRACT INFECTION : Precautions,Investigations No dietary precaution except plenty of fluid intake is advised for UTI. http://www.pediatriconcall.com/forpatients/commonchild/Kidney_problems/urinary_tractinfection2.asp 2001-08-23T00:00:00.0000000-07:00 VESICO URETERAL REFLUX (VUR) VUR is a short form of vesicoureteral reflux which means that urine from the urinary bladder regurgitates or goes back into the ureters (the tubes that connect kidneys to urinary bladder) instead of flowing out of the urethra (tube that allows flow of urine to the outside form the bladder). http://www.pediatriconcall.com/forpatients/commonchild/Kidney_problems/vur.asp 2001-12-04T00:00:00.0000000-07:00 KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION he kidneys main function is to remove the waste material from the body in the urine. If due to any condition, the kidneys fail and cannot remove waste from the body, which is of permanent nature (also called as End Stage Kidney Disease - ESKD), a kidney transplant is warranted. http://www.pediatriconcall.com/forpatients/commonchild/Kidney_problems/kidney_transplantation.asp 2005-02-01T00:00:00.0000000-07:00 NEPHROTIC SYNDROME : Occurance and Diagnosis Nephrotic Syndrome is a common disease in children involving Kidneys. http://www.pediatriconcall.com/forpatients/commonchild/Kidney_problems/nephroticsyndrome.asp 2000-11-06T00:00:00.0000000-07:00 NEPHROTIC SYNDROME : Treatment oral prednisolone therapy may be needed. The duration of course of prednisolone therapy for relapse is shorter (6-8 weeks). http://www.pediatriconcall.com/forpatients/commonchild/Kidney_problems/nephroticsyndrome1.asp 2000-11-06T00:00:00.0000000-07:00 NEPHROTIC SYNDROME : Complications,Consequences Peritonitis is a common major infection in Nephrotic syndrome of childhood, which can even cause mortality if not diagnosed early enough. http://www.pediatriconcall.com/forpatients/commonchild/Kidney_problems/nephroticsyndrome2.asp 2000-11-06T00:00:00.0000000-07:00 RENAL STONES (URINARY) : Causes and Diagnosis Stones occur due to abnormal and excessive accumulation of stone forming substances in urine which are normally dissolved due to presence of substances which inhibit stones formation like citrate, pyrophosphates. http://www.pediatriconcall.com/forpatients/commonchild/Kidney_problems/Urinary_renal.asp 2001-04-04T00:00:00.0000000-07:00 RENAL STONES (URINARY) : Complications,Reoccurance ,Treatment Complications of urinary stones are urinary infection and obstruction which may lead to destruction of renal parenchyma and if the stones are on both the sides, they may cause obstruction and destruction of both kidneys. In the long run, chronic renal failure (CRF) can occur. http://www.pediatriconcall.com/forpatients/commonchild/Kidney_problems/Urinary_renal1.asp 2001-04-04T00:00:00.0000000-07:00 RENAL STONES (URINARY) : Modifications,Prognosis Depending on the composition of the stone, diet should be modified e.g. uric acid stones due to high serum uric acid should be treated with restriction of meat, dals and pulses; oxalate stones require restriction of spinach and tomatoes which are rich in oxalates. http://www.pediatriconcall.com/forpatients/commonchild/Kidney_problems/Urinary_renal2.asp 2001-04-04T00:00:00.0000000-07:00 URINARY AND GENITAL PROBLEMS IN CHILDREN Minor problems - or what look like minor problems may be a pointer to major renal anomalies in some children, and unless we thoroughly investigate and follow them up, we are likely to miss them. Which are these problems that require you to show the child to a specialist? Some of them could be like http://www.pediatriconcall.com/forpatients/commonchild/Kidney_problems/urinary_problem.asp 2009-01-27T00:00:00.0000000-07:00 BLOOD IN URINE : Introduction and Causes Red coloured urine suggestive of blood in the urine. However, every pink/red/brown coloured urine not be due to blood in urine. Ingestion of coloured sweets, beetroot, drugs (Rifampicin, anantituberular drug causes orange coloured urine; Multivitamins may cause yellowish colour of urine), hemoglobin or myoglobin can cause red urine. http://www.pediatriconcall.com/forpatients/commonchild/Kidney_problems/blood_in_urine.asp 2000-11-06T00:00:00.0000000-07:00 BLOOD IN URINE : Treatment and Precaution First and foremost, it is necessary to determine the cause of bleeding for which a battery of tests may be required. Patient’s urine may be sent for examination and blood may be collected for a few tests (e.g ASO time, serum C3 , HbsAg, urine culture etc) depending upon the clinical features which the patient presents with sometimes, a 24 hour urine sample may be required, where urine passed over 24 hours is collected in a container and tested. http://www.pediatriconcall.com/forpatients/commonchild/Kidney_problems/Blood_Urine_Treatment.asp 2000-11-06T00:00:00.0000000-07:00 BLOOD IN URINE : FAQS Mostly Frequently Asked Question on Blood in Urine http://www.pediatriconcall.com/forpatients/commonchild/Kidney_problems/Blood_Urine_Faqs.asp 2000-11-06T00:00:00.0000000-07:00 RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS (RTA) : Introduction RTA is a group of disorders in which there is metabolic acidosis due to defect in renal tubular acidification mechanism to maintain normal plasma bicarbonate and blood pH. http://www.pediatriconcall.com/forpatients/commonchild/Kidney_problems/renal_tubular.asp 2001-03-14T00:00:00.0000000-07:00 RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS (RTA) : Types There are 4 types of RTA. Type I or classical RTA or distal RTA: It is due to inability of distal tubules to maintain H+ion gradient between lumen and cell. http://www.pediatriconcall.com/forpatients/commonchild/Kidney_problems/renal_tubular_types.asp 2001-03-14T00:00:00.0000000-07:00 RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS (RTA) : Diagnosis and Treatment It is suspected whenever an infant or a child fails to put on weight or loses weight due to no apparent cause, becomes dehydrated, has excessive urine output (polyuria), excessive thirst, weakness, poor appetite, vomiting, constipation and muscle weakness which may be severe enough to cause paralysis of respiratory muscles due to low serum potassium levels (hypokalemia). http://www.pediatriconcall.com/forpatients/commonchild/Kidney_problems/renal_tubular_diagnosis_treatment.asp 2001-03-14T00:00:00.0000000-07:00 RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS (RTA) : FAQS Mostly Frequently Asked Question on RTA http://www.pediatriconcall.com/forpatients/commonchild/Kidney_problems/renal_tubular_prevention.asp 2001-03-14T00:00:00.0000000-07:00 POSTERIOR URETHRAL VALVES : Introduction This is one of the major common urological anomalies found in boys. This may present with very non specific symptoms or may present with acute kidney failure. http://www.pediatriconcall.com/forpatients/commonchild/Kidney_problems/puvalves.asp 2009-01-27T00:00:00.0000000-07:00 POSTERIOR URETHRAL VALVES : Investigation Investigations are required to diagnose and know the severity of damage to the entire urinary system and must be carried out regularly and completely. http://www.pediatriconcall.com/forpatients/commonchild/Kidney_problems/Puvalves_Investigation.asp 2009-01-27T00:00:00.0000000-07:00 POSTERIOR URETHRAL VALVES : Treatment Treatment of this condition will depend on severity of the obstruction, and, other complications at the time the condition is diagnosed. http://www.pediatriconcall.com/forpatients/commonchild/Kidney_problems/puvalves_Treatment.asp 2009-01-27T00:00:00.0000000-07:00 Tiny Cysto - resectoscopes that can enter the newborns urethra

Treatment of this condition will depend on severity of the obstruction, and, other complications at the time the condition is diagnosed.

]]> REFLUX NEPHROPATHY : Introduction There are 2 kidneys - each has a pelvis, a ureter that opens in the bladder. Normally, the flow of urine is from above downwards only. In some children, it is possible that there may be in addition, a flow of urine from below upwards into the ureter and the kidney- this is called Reflux of urine. http://www.pediatriconcall.com/forpatients/commonchild/Kidney_problems/reflux.asp 2009-01-27T00:00:00.0000000-07:00 REFLUX NEPHROPATHY : Types Reflux is basically of 2 types i.e. Primary and Secondary. http://www.pediatriconcall.com/forpatients/commonchild/Kidney_problems/reflux_types.asp 2009-01-27T00:00:00.0000000-07:00 Primary Reflux Urethral valves with secondary reflux

Reflux is basically of 2 types i.e. Primary and Secondary.

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Reflux is basically of 2 types i.e. Primary and Secondary.

]]> REFLUX NEPHROPATHY : Symptoms In a young infant below 1 year age, there may be fever and urinary infection; or may come with not thriving well - always ill, not putting on weight etc. In an older child, there may be recurrent urinary infections occurring every month with or without fever each time. There may be urinary symptoms like difficulty in passing urine, burning, dribbling of urine, poor stream of urine and straining to pass urine. http://www.pediatriconcall.com/forpatients/commonchild/Kidney_problems/reflux_Symptoms.asp 2009-01-27T00:00:00.0000000-07:00 REFLUX NEPHROPATHY : Investigation Investigation are done based on suspicion and the most important 2 investigations are Ultrasound(USG) of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder; followed by a Voiding Cysto Urethrogram(VCU). http://www.pediatriconcall.com/forpatients/commonchild/Kidney_problems/reflux_investigations.asp 2009-01-27T00:00:00.0000000-07:00 REFLUX NEPHROPATHY : Treatment Certain basic principals are followed in therapy: one is that reflux by itself is not harmful or dangerous, but, together with infection can cause severe renal damage; http://www.pediatriconcall.com/forpatients/commonchild/Kidney_problems/reflux_treatment.asp 2009-01-27T00:00:00.0000000-07:00 Ureter before reimplantation

Certain basic principals are followed in therapy: one is that reflux by itself is not harmful or dangerous, but, together with infection can cause severe renal damage;

]]> REFLUX NEPHROPATHY : Complications Complication associated with this surgery are - infection of the main wound , leak of urine around the tubes instead of thru them, the bladder that had been opened for the operation may leak urine outside. http://www.pediatriconcall.com/forpatients/commonchild/Kidney_problems/reflux_Complications.asp 2009-01-27T00:00:00.0000000-07:00 HYDRONEPHROSIS : Introduction This is a condition in which one or both sides kidneys in a child gets enlarged due to excessive accumulation of urine. http://www.pediatriconcall.com/forpatients/commonchild/Kidney_problems/hydronephrosis.asp 2009-01-27T00:00:00.0000000-07:00 Hydronephrosis

This is a condition in which one or both sides kidneys in a child gets enlarged due to excessive accumulation of urine.

]]> HYDRONEPHROSIS : Causes Accumulation of urine in the pelvis is abnormal and usually occurs if there is an obstruction to the flow from the pelvis into the ureter and bladder. http://www.pediatriconcall.com/forpatients/commonchild/Kidney_problems/hydronephrosis_causes.asp 2009-01-27T00:00:00.0000000-07:00 HYDRONEPHROSIS : Investigation The first investigation is an Ultrasound of the abdomen. The kidney on the affected side will show a dilated pelvis, thickness of the parenchyma of that kidney will be remarkably thinned out. http://www.pediatriconcall.com/forpatients/commonchild/Kidney_problems/hydronephrosis_investigation.asp 2009-01-27T00:00:00.0000000-07:00 Sonography shows large dilated(dark) pelvis

The first investigation is an Ultrasound of the abdomen. The kidney on the affected side will show a dilated pelvis, thickness of the parenchyma of that kidney will be remarkably thinned out.

]]> HYDRONEPHROSIS : Treatment Surgery for the obstruction is done thru an anterior approach and the kidney and pelvis are approached to reveal the site of obstruction. http://www.pediatriconcall.com/forpatients/commonchild/Kidney_problems/hydronephrosis_treatment.asp 2009-01-27T00:00:00.0000000-07:00 Surgery for Hydronephrosis

Surgery for the obstruction is done thru an anterior approach and the kidney and pelvis are approached to reveal the site of obstruction.

]]> HYDRONEPHROSIS : Complications Complications of this surgery are the common wound infection, rupture, and leakage of urine from the junction where the pelvis and ureter have been newly joined. http://www.pediatriconcall.com/forpatients/commonchild/Kidney_problems/hydronephrosis_complications.asp 2009-01-27T00:00:00.0000000-07:00 Child who was operated at 2 months of age - barely visible scar

Complications of this surgery are the common wound infection, rupture, and leakage of urine from the junction where the pelvis and ureter have been newly joined.

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