Pediatric Nephrology in Children

Pediatric Nephrology

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Pediatric Nephrology encompasses a wide array of kidney-related studies, with the ultimate goal of advancing renal healthcare for everyone.

Steroid Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome in Children

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The idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (NS) of childhood is a heterogenous disorder characterised by massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia and edema.

Approach to a Child with Nephrotic Syndrome

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Alternative drug therapy is indicated in a steroid responsive Nephrotic Syndrome.

Management of Nephrotic Syndrome in Childhood

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Diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome is by simple urine examination in a child who presents with edema. The edema is generalized involving eyes, abdominal wall, genitals and ankles; ascites may be present and B.P is normal in majority of cases.

Nephrotic Syndrome

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Nephrotic Syndrome is a common disease in children involving Kidneys.

]]>Nephrotic Syndrome is a common disease in children involving Kidneys.

Chronic Glomerulonephritis in Children

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Chronic Glomerulonephritis are a group of disorders in which the glomeruli are predominantly involved due to an inflammatory process which does not abate and becomes indolent and frequently leads to glomerular destruction and end stage renal disease.

Urinary Tract Infections in Newborns

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Urinary tract infection (UTI) in newborns is one of most clinical problem that frequently is associated with bacteremia and may produce long-term complications.

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

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Urinary tract infection is a bacterial invasion of kidneys and the urinary tract. It is designated as pyelonephritis or upper UTI when the infection involves mainly renal parenchyma and pelvicalyceal system. Lower UTI involves infection of urinary bladder and urethra.

(Urinary) Renal Stones

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In Urinary Stones,Stones are formed when substances such as calcium, phosphate, uric acid, oxalate are in excess in urine, become insoluble and form concretions and settle on a matrix in tubules. Urinary infections can increase the size of these concretions and further harden them. Although stones are common in adults, they can occur in children.

Urinar Tract Infection (UTI) - Patient Information

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Majority of urinary infections occur due to entry of bacteria through urinary opening i.e. urethra (tube connecting the bladder to the opening outside on the body) which ascends to bladder, ureters (tube connecting the bladder to the kidney) and then kidneys.

Approach to a Case of Hydronephrosis

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Hydronephrosis (HDN) is defined as dilatation of renal pelvis and calyceal system. Hydronephrosis can be unilateral or bilateral, obstructive or non obstructive; congenital or acquired.

Approach to Antenatally Diagnosed Hydronephrosis

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Following guidelines help to decide the rationale approach to hydronephrosis postnatally in antenatally diagnosed Hydronephrosis.

Approach to Hematuria in Children

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Hematuria means blood in urine. Significant hematuria is defined as more than 5 red blood cells/HPF of a standard urinary sediment. The site of bleeding can be from kidneys / pelvicalyceal system / ureters / urinary bladder or urethra. Rarely hematuria is due to coagulation disorder.

Hypertension in Children

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Causes of Hypertension in children in 80 - 85% of cases are due to kidney diseases like glomerulonephritis, urinary tract infections or pyelonephritis, collagen vascular diseases such as lupus erythematosus, hemolytic uremic syndrome, renal tumors like Wilm's tumor, congenital anomalies such as polycystic kidney disease or hereditary causes such as Alport's syndrome.

Renal Failure

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Renal failure is a clinical condition when kidneys fail to perform the function adequately as a result of which there is breakdown of homeostatic balance of fluid, electrolytes and acid-base with accumulation of nitrogenous waste products like BUN; creatinine and acid metabolites in blood resulting in uremia.

Vesico Ureteral Reflux (VUR)

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VUR is a short form of vesicoureteral reflux which means that urine from the urinary bladder regurgitates or goes back into the ureters (the tubes that connect kidneys to urinary bladder) instead of flowing out of the urethra (tube that allows flow of urine to the outside form the bladder).

Hemoglobin Variants Detection by HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) Method

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HPLC is an excellent, powerful diagnostic tool for the direct identification of hemoglobin variants with a high degree of precision in the quantification of major and minor, normal and abnormal, hemoglobin fractions.

Antenatal Diagnosis and Management of Renal Problems

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Diagnosis of renal problems is possible by ultrasonography of kidneys of the unborn child serially from 18th week to 30th week of pregnancy.

Approach to a Child with Polyuria

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Polyuria is defined as urine output >2000ml per 1.73M2 /24 hr or more than 2.5-3 ml/kg/24 hrs. Accurate measurement of 24 hours intake of fluids and quantity of urine passed should be done to establish diagnosis of polyuria.

Approach to Neurogenic Bladder

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Management of neurogenic bladder is complex and needs a team approach. In a common situation such as meningomyelocele pediatric urologist, nephrologist neurophysician, physiotherapist, radiologist with dedication are required for the comprehensive treatment.

Vesicoureteral Reflux

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Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) or the retrograde flow of urine from the bladder into the ureter is an anatomic and functional disorder with potentially serious consequences.

Dialysis

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Dialysis is a procedure used to remove endogenous toxic metabolites as in uremia/renal failure, inborn errors of metabolism (with accumulation of organic acids) across a semipermeable membrane. It is also useful in removing exogenous poisons like ethanol, aspirin, barbiturates, and boric acid from the blood in cases of poisoning.

Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA)

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RTA is a group of disorders in which there is metabolic acidosis due to defect in renal tubular acidification mechanism to maintain normal plasma bicarbonate and blood pH.

Approach to Obstructive Uropathy

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Obstructive uropathy includes congenital and acquired lesions which cause obstruction to urinary system and can lead to damage to renal parenchyma due to back pressure or urinary tract infections occurring in stagnant urine.

Neurogenic Bladder

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In all children with myelodysplasia, obstructive uropathy, VUR, recurrent UTI. Abnormal neurogenic control of bladder results in daytime and/or nighttime enuresis or incontinence or voiding dysfunction.

Immunosuppression in Paediatric Renal Transplantation Patients

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Immunosuppressive Agents Used in Kidney Transplantations in Children.

Bartter's Syndrome

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Bartter's syndrome (BS) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by hypokalemic, hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis with normal or low blood pressure despite high plasma renin activity and serum aldosterone.

Newer Insights into Acute Renal Failure in Children

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Children with AKI due to acute interstitial nephritis, nephrotoxic renal insults including aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity, and contrast nephropathy usually have normal urine output.