Dental caries is a disease of the calcified portion of the teeth caused by acids resulting from the action of micro-organisms and carbohydrates. Etiology of dental caries is a complex and many factors have been postulated in the carious process.

• Acidogenic theory: According to this theory, destruction of the teeth occurs by microbes produced acids. Acid produced by action of micro-organisms on carbohydrates, acts first on the inorganic material of the tooth and causes decalcification and then it acts on organic matter and results in proteolyses.
• Proteolytic theory: Enamel consists of about 97% of inorganic material and 0.6% of organic material with the remainder being water. According to proteolytic theory, initial attack consists of a progressive alteration of organic matrix of the enamel and a projection of micro-organisms in the tooth substance. Subsequent loss of mineral salts occurs due to the effects of the acids resulting from protein breakdown.
• Proteolysis - Chelation theory: According to this theory, enamel is a unified structure consisting of a chelate complex linking the organic and inorganic components and the carious destruction of enamel is brought about by proteolysis and chelating occurring simultaneously.

Clinical features of Dental caries: Carious process may be rapid in children due to presence of large dentinal tubules allowing quick penetration of micro-organisms. Fissures, pits and grooves occur on occlusal surfaces. Proximal caries show a large area and gradually saucer-shaped cavity spread in a triangular fashion with base of the triangle on the proximal surface.

Treatment and Prevention: Topical application of fluorides reduces incidence of caries. Using concentration of sodium and potassium fluoride varying from 0.1 to 2% applied to the cleaned and dried surfaces of the teeth cause reduction of caries incidence by about 20 to 30%. Proper intake of calcium, vitamins and other minerals helps to prevent caries.

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